Trading Speed And Accuracy By Coding Time: A Coupled-circuit Cortical Model
Recently, Halo partnered with Green Matter in California to purchase the Farm in Lake County , developing up to 63 acres of cultivation, comprising one of the largest licensed single site grows in California . In California , the Company is building out Ukiah Ventures, a planned 30,000 square foot indoor cannabis grow and processing facility, which aims to include up to an additional five acres of industrial land to expand the site. Halo also plans to expand its operations in California by opening three dispensaries under the Budega™ brand in North Hollywood , Hollywood , and Westwood .
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Secondly, binary options despite the large body of work addressing D1 and D2 involvement in seconds-to-minutes timing in non-human animals, we are unaware of any such studies investigating the hundreds of milliseconds range (see [146]). Thirdly, despite a growing body of work addressing D2 involvement in timing in healthy humans (see below for studies with clinical populations), we are unaware of any studies to address D1 involvement. Overall, it is unclear whether DA agonists (antagonists) should be expected to speed up (slow down) the representation of time in the hundreds of milliseconds range, but there are notable gaps in the literature that reveal important lines of enquiry. Additionally, several studies showing D2 involvement in earlier tasks also showed D1 involvement ( e.g. Firstly, the role of D1 and D2 receptors in timing in the seconds to minutes range appears to be task dependent, as a number of recent studies have shown evidence for D1 involvement in timing in this range, using tasks that were not used in earlier studies showing D2 involvement ( e.g.
( B ) Decision time: mean time of threshold-crossing (20 Hz) by the target or distractor population (see Methods). Error bars show standard error. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Black and grey curves show results for temporal estimates of and respectively. ( A ) Accuracy: the proportion of trials on which the decision network correctly chose the target for each level of task difficulty (target-distractor similarity).
Our results therefore suggest that in cortical timing circuitry, DA may strengthen attractor dynamics sufficiently to destablize background states. DA is also extensively correlated with interval timing in the seconds to minutes range [13], [137]. If so, the slope of climbing activity could be modulated by tonic DA, possibly by the increasing occupancy of D1 receptors due to slow extrasynaptic uptake [138], [139], consistent with enhancement of NMDAR currents via D1 activation [59]. In this regard, DA agonists and antagonists are correlated with underestimates and overestimates of intervals respectively (see [114]). For instance, in addition to modulating NMDAR currents, DA modulates cortical GABAR currents [60], so a more detailed model of DA modulation is required. Furthermore, in the majority of experiments revealing DA involvement in timing in the seconds to minutes range, the effect of DA has been via D2 receptors (see [13], [114]), which act in a largely antagonistic way to D1 receptors [60]. Further work is required to address this possibility. Similarly, high and low values of produced short and long interval estimates respectively in our model.
The distribution of first passage times is shown in Figure 7. Stronger (weaker) NMDAR conductance causes faster (slower) ramping and a narrower (wider) distribution, while the relationship between the mean and standard deviation is approximately linear (compare Figures 5A and 7B). These curves are very similar to the distribution of interval estimates by the timing network (compare Figures 6B and 7A).
In addition, in connection with the forward-looking information and forward-looking statements contained in this press release, Halo has made certain assumptions. By identifying such information and statements in this manner, Halo is alerting the reader that such information and statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such information and statements. Although Halo believes that the assumptions and factors used in preparing, and the expectations contained in, the forward-looking information and statements are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on such information and statements, and no assurance or guarantee can be given that such forward-looking information and statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such information and statements. Among others, the key factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking information and statements are the following: inability of management to successfully integrate the operations of acquired businesses, changes in the consumer market for cannabis products, changes in the expected outcomes of the proposed changes to Halo's operations, delays in obtaining required licenses or approvals necessary for the build-out of Oregon operations, dispensaries or Canadian operations, the proposed spin-out with Halo Tek Inc., delays or unforeseen costs incurred in connection with construction, the ability of competitors to scale operations in Northern California , delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with the cultivation and harvest of Halo's raw material, changes in general economic, business and political conditions, including changes in the financial markets; and the other risks disclosed in the Company's annual information form dated March 31, 2021 and other disclosure documents available on the Company's profile at www.sedar.com. Should one or more of these risks, uncertainties or other factors materialize, or should assumptions underlying the forward-looking information or statements prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein as intended, planned, anticipated, believed, estimated or expected.
