Cost-benefit Trade-offs In Decision-making And Learning
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cost to decision, but benefit to learning, Fig 4E). These simulated independent possible costs of conflict on the decision (Fig 4A) or on learning (Fig 4B), as well as combined (Fig 4C and 4D) or even opposing effects (i.e. learning stages were not confounded, or biased, by an inherent feature of our modelling procedure or of our task design. This confirmed that any observations about the location of distractor conflict costs at the decision vs. We tested the ability of our computational model and task to capture dissociable effects of action-distractor conflict on the decision ( φ ) and on learning ( α ) by simulating virtual data with different hypothetical effects (Fig 4, and see "Validation of the model and parameter optimisation" section, in Methods, for details).
In line with previous accounts (e.g. Only when the last trial involved easy action selection and was rewarded (i.e. That is, the absence of any challenge in the preceding trial might have increased participants’ willingness to invest cognitive control to suppress the distractor influence and rely more on their internal action values. These aversive experiences would shift the cost-benefit trade-off in the following trial towards a greater choice bias, presumably due to increased avoidance of cognitive control. all "went well") were participants not biased by the distractors (Fig 2C, one sample t-test of distractor bias in "previously congruent and win outcome" trials against 0 confirms there was no significant difference, t 19 = -0.64, p = .53, d = -0.20; whereas distractor bias was larger than 0 in the remaining trial types, all t s > 2.22, p s 0.70). reducing expected rewards. [8,21]), we speculate that recent conflict experience might increase the saliency of conflict costs, while losses might reduce the participant’s confidence in their knowledge of the best response, i.e.
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Using data from Eurobarometer 83.4, this study combines the two branches of research that address climate-related and biodiversity-related opinions and actions of individuals in the EU. The literature shows that the differences between climate-related and biodiversity-related policies correspond, at an individual level, to a person's basic attitudes towards environmental protection and towards nature protection, respectively. The results of two multinomial regression analyses, separately in Northwestern European countries and Eastern and Southern European countries, demonstrated that climate-related and biodiversity-related attitudes were, independent of each other, related to the adoption of these purchase behaviors. The contribution of this study is to demonstrate how these attitudes can influence behavior that has environmental repercussions for both issues, such as food consumption practices. The analysis focused on two Eurobarometer questions about buying local and seasonal food (to fight climate change) and about buying organic and local food (to protect biodiversity and nature). The results may support Europe’s new Farm to Fork (F2F) strategy and indicate that improving food consumption practices can enable individuals to better play their part in fighting climate change and biodiversity loss simultaneously, which opens up interesting new perspectives for policymakers, businesses and consumers.
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